­^°ê¬ì¾Ç±Ð¨|¬ã¨s¤§·s¤è¦V

ºëµØ¾\Ū | ­º½g | ¤W¤@½g | ¤U¤@½g | ¥½½g | Âà±H | ªð¦^¤W¼h
µo«H¤H: Vanessa.bbs@bbs.cis.nctu.edu.tw (¦è­·), «H°Ï: education
¼Ð  ÃD: ­^°ê¬ì¾Ç±Ð¨|¬ã¨s¤§·s¤è¦V¡mÂà¸ü¡n
µo«H¯¸: ¥æ¤j¸ê¬ì_BBS (Sat Apr 12 12:35:34 1997)
Origin: cc.ntnu.edu.tw

                     ­^°ê¬ì¾Ç±Ð¨|¬ã¨s¤§·s¤è¦V

   ºK­n                                    

   ¡@¡@­^°ê¤¤¤p¾Ç¦ÛµM¬ì¾Ç±Ð®v¡Aªñ¦~¨Ó´¶¹M¹ï±Ð¨|¬ã¨sªº»ù­È»P¥\¯à´£¥X½èºÃ¡A¥L
   ­Ì»{¬°®v¸ê°V½m½Òµ{¤¤ªº±Ð¨|¬ì¥Ø¡A¨Ã«Dºë½Tªº¬ì¾Ç¡A¦b³\¦h¤è­±³£¨S¦³²M´·µLºÃ
   ªº©w½×¡C±Ð¨|¬ã¨s¹ï¾Ç®Õ±Ð®v¦ü¥G¥u¾A¦Xµoªí¦b¾Ç¨sªº§N»÷´Á¥Z¤W¡A©M¥L­Ìªº¹ê»Ú
   ±Ð¾Ç²@¤£¬Û¤z¡C

   ¡@¡@¬°¤F¦]À³¨Ó¦Û±Ð®v­Ìªº¬D¾Ô¡A­^°ê¬ì±Ð¬É¶°¦X¤F±Ð¨|¾ÇªÌ¡B¬ì¾Ç¬ã¨sªÌ¤Î¬ì¾Ç
   ­õ¾Ç®aµ¥¡A¸sµ¦¸s¤O¡AÀ|¸Õ§ä¥X¦X¾Aªº¤èªk¡A´Á¯à°w¹ï±Ð®vªº¹ê»Ú»Ý­n¡A¨Ï¬ì±Ð¬ã
   ¨s¦³©Ò¬ð¯}¡A¦æ°Ê¬ã¨sªk(action research)«K¬O¼sªx³Q±Ä¥Îªº¤@ºØ¤èªk¡C

   ¡@¡@¥»¤å­º¥ý±´°Q³o¤@ÁͶժº­l¥Í¸g¹L¡A¤F¸Ñ³o¨Ç¾ÇªÌªº¹ï½Í(discourse)¡A­«·s
   »{ÃѱШ|¬ã¨s¹ï¬ì¾Ç±Ð¨|ªº»ù­È¡C¬°¦¬Æ[¼¯¤§®Ä¡A§ó´y­z¨â­Ó¥Ø«e¦b­^°ê±À®i·¥¬°
   ¥X¦âªº¬ã¨s¤è®×¡A²Ó¥[±´¯Á¡A·í¯à´x´¤­^°ê¬ì¾Ç±Ð¨|¬ã¨s¤§³Ì·s°ÊºA¡C


   ³ü¡B«e¨¥

   ¡@¡@ªñ¦~¨Ó¡A¤£ºÞ¬O¦b±Ð¨|¾Ç³N¬ã°Q·|¤¤©Î¬O¦b±Ð®v¶i­×ªº¾÷ºc¤º¡A­^°ê¤¤¤p¾Çªº
   ¥ô±Ð±Ð®v¹ï±Ð¨|¬ã¨s´¶¹M¦s¦³¤Ï·P¡A±`±`´£¥X½èºÃ¡A¦]¬°¥L­Ì»{¬°³o¨Ç¬ã¨s¹ï±Ð®v
   ±Ð¾Ç¤Wªº¹ê»Ú»Ý­n²@µLÀ°§U¡C´«¨¥¤§¡A¥L­Ì»{¬°±Ð¨|¬ã¨sÂA¯à´£¨Ñ±Ð®v¹ê¥Îªº¸ê°T
   ¥H§Q©óÀÀ­q±Ð¾Çµ¦²¤¡A©Î¦³§U©ó»²¾É¾Çµ£¤§¾Ç²ß¡C¥Ø«e¾¨ºÞ¦³Ãö¾Ç²ß¤ß²z¾Çªº®ÑÄy
   ¦½¤û¥R´É¡A¥B¦³Ãö¾Ç²ßªº¬ã¨s¤]¤@ª½¬O±Ð¨|¾ÇªÌªºµJÂI¡A¦ý±Ð®v­Ì¹ï³o¨Ç¬ã¨sµ²ªG
   ©¹©¹¨ã¦³±Æ¥¸·P¡A»\¦]¨ä­Y«D¹L©ó°¾¦V²z½×«K¬O¤Ó¹L©â¶H¡A¦³¨Ç«h¨Ï¤H·P¨ì¤Ó¤¾Ác
   ¡AÃø¥H²z¸Ñ¡C¤×¦³¬ÆªÌ¡A¤Z¸g¹êÅç³]­pÄY®æ±±¨î©Ò±oµ²ªG¡A¾A¦Xµoªí©ó¬ã¨s´Á¥ZªÌ
   ¡A©Î³\¹ï¾ÇªÌ©Î¬ã¨s¥Í¦³¥Î¡A¦ý¹ï¾ã¤Ñ¦£¸L¤£¤w¡A¥B¤u§@Àô¹Ò¤£ºÉ²z·Qªº±Ð®v­Ì¡A
   ³o¨Ç¬ã¨sªº§l¤Þ¤O©e¹ê¦³­­¡C¥[¥H½×¤å¤¤©Ò¨Ï¥Îªº»y¨¥¡B³N»y¡A§ó¥O±Ð®v­Ì±æ¤§«o
   ¨B¡C¨ä¹ê³o¨Ç±Ð®v­Ìªº¤ÏÀ³¬O¤Q¤À¦ÛµM¦X²zªº¡A¥L­Ìªº·N¨£À³·í¨ü¨ì¥R¤Àªº­«µø¡A
   ¸Õ·Q¡Gµ´¤j³¡¥÷ªº±Ð¨|¬ã¨s¡A¾¨ºÞ¥H¾Ç¥Í¬°¨ü¸ÕªÌ¡A¥H¾Ç®Õ¬°Àô¹Ò¡A¦ý¤´ºâ¬O¤@ºØ
   ¡u¯Â¬ã¨s¡v(pure  research)¡A©¹©¹ÂA¯à«ü¥XÀ³¦p¦ó¹B¥Î¨ì¹ê»Úªº±Ð¾Ç¤W¥h¡C¦¹¥~
   ¡A³\¦h±Ð¨|¬ã¨sªÌ¤[¤w©M¤¤¤p¾Çªº±Ð¨|²æ¸`¡AµLªk¯u¥¿»â·|¦Ñ®v­Ìªº·P¨ü¡Aµ²ªG¨Ï
   ±o¥L­ÌµLªk°µ¨Ç¨ã¦³¹ê¥Î¾É¦Vªº¬ã¨s¡A¥u¦n±M©¹¾Ç³N¨ú¦Vªº±MÃD¬ã¨sµo®i¡AÃø©Ç¹ï
   ±Ð¾Ç¹ê»ÚµL©Ò»t¯q¡CµM¦Ó¡A±Ð®vªº»Ý­n«o¬O§ó¹ê¥Î¡B§óª½±µ¡A¥ô¦ó¬ã¨s¥²¶·¦³§U©ó
   ¨Ï¨ä¤F¸Ñ±Ð¾Ç¡A¤F¸Ñ¾Ç¥Í¡A¨Ï¨ä±M·~¥Í²P±o¨ìÀ°§U¡C¦b³o¤ù©IÁn¤¤¡A±Ð¨|¬ã¨s¦ü¥G
   ¥²¶·§ó©¶©öÂá¡A§@¥þ·s§ïÅÜ¥H¬°¦]À³¡AÀ|¸Õ·s¤èªk¡A¾¬¯à°w¹ï±Ð®vªº¹ê»Ú»Ý­n¡A¨Ã
   ¥H±Ð®v¥i²z¸Ñ¡BÄ@±µ¨üªº¤è¦¡¨Ó¶i¦æ¡C

   ¡@¡@­^°ê¬ì¾Ç±Ð¨|¬Éªº¾ÇªÌ¡A¬°¤F¦]À³®É¶Õ¡AªÈ¦X±Ð¨|¾ÇªÌ¡B¬ì¾Ç®a¤Î¬ì¾Ç­õ¾Ç®a
   ¡A¤À§O±q¦U»â°ì²`¤J±´°Q¦p¦ó§ïµ½¤W­z±¡ªp¡C¥L­Ì»{¬°°ÝÃDÄpµ²¤£¥u¦b±Ð¨|¬ã¨sªÌ
   ¥»¨­¡A¤]¦b©ó¹ï¤Hªº¬Ýªk¥²¶·¦³¤j´T«×ªº§ïÅܤ~¦æ(Fontana,  1983)¡C¥H«e¨Ì¾Ú¦æ
   ¬°¥D¸qªº±Ð¾Ç¡A±Ð®v­q©w¼Ð·Ç¡A´£¨Ñ¥~¦b°Ê¾÷¡A¶i¦æ±Ð¾Ç¨Ãµû¶q¾Ç¥Í¬O§_¹F¨ì±Ð¾Ç
   ¥Ø¼Ð¡C¦ý²{¤µ«h»{ª¾¤ß²z¾Ç²±¦æ¡A®Ú¾Ú«Øºc¥D¸q(Constructivism)¡A¾Ç¥Í¬O¦³²z©Ê
   ©M³Ð³y©Êªº­ÓÅé¡A·|¥D°Ê¦a¹ï¨ä©Ò©~¦íªº¥@¬É¤¤¦UºØ²{¶H¡A°µ¥X¦³·N¸qªº¸ÑÄÀ
   (Herron,     1984)¡C¥L­Ì­«·s¹ïGeorge     Kelly©Ò´£­Òªº¡u­Ó¤Hºc©À¤ß²z¾Ç¡v
   (Personal Construct Psychology, PCP)¥[¥H²`¤J²z¸Ñ¡A¨Ã¼f¹î¨ä»P±Ð¨|ªºÃöÁp¡A
   ¬ã¨s¦p¦ó¹B¥Î¨ä­ì²z§@¬°­Ý¨ã²z½×©Ê»P¹ê¥Î©Êªº¬ã¨s¤u¨ã(Pope  &  Keen,1981)¡C
   PCPªº¤¤¤ß­ì²z¬O¡G¡u¤HÃþ¤DªÀ·|¹êÅ骺«ØºcªÌ¡AªÀ·|¹êÅé¦s¦b©ó¤Hªº¸£®ü¤¤¡A¦Ó
   «D©t¥ß¦s©ó¥~¦b¥@¬Éªº«ÈÆ[¹êÅé¡C¡K¡K¨C­Ó¤H³£¬O­Ó§Oªº¬ì¾Ç®a(personal
   scientist)¡C¡v(Kelly,  1955)³oºØ¬ì¾Ç­õ¾ÇªºÆ[ÂI¡A¤£¦ý¬ðÅã¤Fª¾ÃѶǻ¼¹Lµ{¤¤
   ®v¥Í¤¬°ÊÃö«Yªº­«­n©Ê¡A¤]§ïÅܤF¹ï¬ì¾Çª¾ÃÑ»P¬ì¾Ç¾Ç²ßªº¶Ç²Î¬Ýªk¡C


   ¶L¡B¬ì¾Çªº¥»½è»P¾Ç²ß

   ¡@¡@¬ì¾Ç¬ã¨s»P¬ì¾Ç±Ð¨|ªº¦@¦P¥Ø¼Ð¡A§¡­P¤O©ó¼W¥[§^¤H¹ï¦¹¥@¬É¤¤¦Uª«²z²{¶Hªº
   ¤F¸Ñ¡A¦Ó«Ø¥ß¨t²Î©Êªº·§©À¡C¥Ø«e²±¦æ¦b­^°ê¬ì±Ð¬ÉªºÆ[©À»{¬°¡G¾Ç²ß¬ì¾Çªº¾úµ{
   ¥²¶·©M¬ì¾Ç®a¯u¥¿±q¨Æ¬ì¾Ç¬ã¨sªº¾úµ{¤O¨D¤@­P¡C(Harlen,1985)³o¤]¥¿¬ORosalin
   Driver´¦òUªº¡uPupil as a scientist¡v·§©À(Driver, 1983)¡C

   ¡@¡@·í¬ì¾Ç®a¦³¤F·sµo²{©Î¹B¥Î²{¦³­ì²z¶i¦æ§ó¼sªxªº¹êÅç®É¡A¬ì¾Ç·§©À¥çÀHµÛ§ï
   ÅÜ¡C¬°¤F¸Ñ·sªº¨Æª«¡A¬ì¾Ç®a«K¹B¥Î²{¦sªº·§©À¡A¨ÃÀËÅç¨ä¦b·sªº¬ã¨s»â°ì©Ò¯à¾A
   ¥Îªºµ{«×¡CÀËÅ窺µ²ªG¥i¯àÃÒ¹ê¥Ø«eªº²z½×½T¹ê¦X¥Î¡A¥B¦³§U©ó¤F¸Ñ·sªº±¡¹Ò©ÎÆ[
   ¹îµ²ªG¡A§_«h§Y¶·¨Ì¾Ú·sªº¬ã¨sµo²{¹ï¸Ó²z½×¥[¥H­×¥¿¡A¬Æ©Î§¹¥þ¤©¥H©Ú¥¸¡C¥H¤W
   ¤D±q¨Æ¬ì¾Ç¬ã¨sªº¤@¯ë¼Ò¦¡¡G¸g¥Ñ¹êÅçÃÒ¾Ú¡A½T¥ß¡B­×¥¿©Î©Ú¥¸¬ì¾Ç²z½×¡C

   ¡@¡@®Ú¾Ú¤W­z¬ì¾Ç¬ã¨sªº¼Ò¦¡¡AHarlen(1985)´£¥X¤F¡u¾Ç²ß¬ì¾Çªº¼Ò¦¡¡v(a model
   of learning science)±j½Õ±Ð¾Ç³]­p¥²¶·°t¦X¾Ç¥Íªº¥Í¬¡¸gÅç»P¤w¾Ç¨ìªº¬ì¾Ç·§©À
   §Þ¯à¡A¼Ò¥é¬ì¾Ç®a°µ¬ã¨sªº¾úµ{¡A¹ï±Ð§÷¤¤ªº·§©À¡A¡©­«·s¡ª¤©¥H±´°Q¬ã¨s¡A´Á±æ
   ¾Ç²ß¬ì¾Çªº¾úµ{©M¬ì¾Ç®a¯u¥¿±q¨Æ¬ì¾Ç¬ã¨sªº¾úµ{¾¨¶q¤@­P¡C¦o»{¬°¾Ç¥Í¸g¥Ñ°Ê¤â
   °µ¹êÅç(hands-on  activity)¡A¯à°÷«ØºcÄÝ©ó¦Û¤vªº¬ì¾Ç·§©À¡A³o¼Ëªº¬ì¾Ç·§©À¹ï
   ¨ä¥»¨­¤è¦³·N¸q¡A¦]¬°³o¬O¥L¦Û¤v°Ê¤â°µ©Ò¡©µo²{¡ª¥X¨Óªº¡C³oºØ¬ì¾Ç·§©À¤£¦A¬O
   ¬ì¾Ç®aªº¡A¤£¦A¬O¤j¤Hªº¡A¤]¤£¦A¬O¦Ñ®vÄé¿éªº¡A¦Ó¬O¦Û¤vªº(ownership  of the
   ideas)¡C

   ¡@¡@¦¹¤@¾Ç²ßªº¼Ò¦¡²[¬A¤T­Ó¦¨¥÷¡GÆ¡¾Ç²ß¸gÅç¡]¥²¶·¦b¾Ç¥Í©Ò¯à²z¸Ñªº½d³ò¤º¥B
   ¤S»Ý¨ã¦³¬D¾Ô©Ê¡^¡AÆ¢¬J¦³·§©À(the existing ideas)¤ÎÆ£¹Lµ{§Þ¯à¡]Ápµ²»PÅçÃÒ
   ªº§Þ¯à¡^¡C¥H¤W¤TªÌ®§®§¬ÛÃö¡A§@¬°­«­nªº¾Ç²ß·Ç«h¡A¤è¥i³]­p¥X¦X©yªº¾Ç²ß¬¡°Ê
   ¡A°t¦X¾Ç¥Í¤w¦³ªº¸gÅç¡B·§©À¤Î§Þ¯à¡A¨Ã¥i°ö¾i¾Ç¥Íªº¹Lµ{§Þ¯à¡A¦p¦¹¤è¯à¨Ï¾Ç¥Í
   ¼W¶i¨ä¹B¥Î»PÅçÃÒ¬ì¾Ç·§©Àªº¤è¦¡¡C³o¼Ëªº¾Ç²ß¾úµ{¡A¤~¯à²£¥Í¯u¥¿ªº¬ì¾Çª¾ÃÑ»P
   ²z¸Ñ¡A¤]¤~¯à¦b¤é·s¤ë²§ªºÅܾE¤U¦]À³¦UºØ·sªºµo²{¡C³oºØ¾Ç²ß¾úµ{¬O¤é¤é·s¡B­e
   ¤é·s¡Aµ´µL¤î¹Òªº¡C¸Û¦pStephen Hawking(1988)©Ò¤ª¡G

   ¡@¡@¥ô¦ó¦ÛµM¬ì¾Çªº²z½×¸g±`³£¬O¼È®É©Êªº(provisional)¡A´N¬Y¤è­±ªº·N¸q¨Ó¬Ý
   ¡A¥¦¥u¤£¹L¬O¤@­Ó°²³](hypothesis)¡G¥Ã»·µLªk¥[¥HÃÒ©ú¡C¤£ºÞ¦³¦A¦h¦¸ªº¹êÅçµ²
   ªG»P¬Y¤@²z½×§¹¥þ²Å¦X¡A§A¥Ã»·µLªk½T©w¤U¤@¦¸ªº¹êÅçµ²ªGµ´¤£·|©M¸Ó²z½×¬Û¹H¡C
   ¤Ï¤§¡A¥u­n§A³æ³æµo²{¦³¤@¦¸¹êÅçµ²ªG©M¸Ó²z½×ªº¹w´ú¤£¬Û²Å¡A«h¸Ó²z½×´N³Q±À½
   ¤F¡C

   ¡@¡@¤µ¤é¤@¯ë¤H¹ï¬ì¾Çªº»{ÃÑ«o¤£¬O³o¼Ë¤l¡A¤Ï¦Ó»~»{¬ì¾Çªº¥»½è¬O(Martin,
   1972)¡G

   ¡@¡@¡Ð«ÈÆ[ªº(objective)

   ¡@¡@¡Ð¯à²£¥Í³Ì²×·¥ªº¯u²z(ultimate truth)

   ¡@¡@¡Ð¥iÃÒ©ú¨Æª«

   ¡@¡@¡Ð¨ã¦³©ú½T©w¸q¥B¬°¿W¯S¤§¾Ç¬ì

   ¡@¡@¡Ð¦³¿W¯Sªº¬ì¾Ç¤èªk

   ¡@¡@¡Ð§¹¥þ¤£¯A¤Î¥ô¦ó»ù­È§PÂ_(value-free)

   ¡@¡@¥H¤W³oºØ¹ï¬ì¾Ç¥»½èªº»~¸Ñ¡A´¶¹M¦s¦b©ó¤¤¤p¾Ç¦ÛµM¬ì±Ð®vªº¤ßùØ¡A¥L­Ì¹ï±Ð
   ¨|¬ã¨sªº­e³d«DÃø¡A²ö¤£¬Ò¾É·½©ó³oºØ»~¸Ñ¡C


   °Ñ¡B±Ð¨|¬ã¨s¹ï¬ì¾Ç±Ð¨|ªº»ù­È

   ¡@¡@¨º»ò¡A±q¨Æ¬ì¾Ç±Ð¨|ªº±Ð®v­Ì¡AÀ³·í¦p¦ó¬Ý«Ý±Ð¨|¬ã¨s©O¡H±Ð¨|¬ã¨s¹ï¥L­Ì¤S
   ¦³¨Ç¤°»ò¹ê½èªºÀ°§U©O¡H­º¥ý¡A¤£§««ä¦Ò¤@¤U¬ì¾Ç¬ã¨s©M±Ð¨|¬ã¨sªº¥D­n¬Û¦üÂI¡A
   ¨Ò¦p¡G

   ¡@1.¬Ò­P¤O©ó§ó¦h¤F¸Ñ¤HÃþªº¸gÅç¡G¬ì¾ÇµÛ­«©ó¤F¸Ñª«½è¥@¬É¨Ã±N©Ò±oª¾ÃÑÀ³¥Î¤H
       Ãþ¥Í¬¡¤W¡F±Ð¨|¬ã¨s«h­«¦b¤F¸Ñ¦³Ãö±Ð»P¾Ç¨â¤è­±ªº­ì²z¡B­ì«h¡A¥H¸êÀ³¥Î¡C

   ¡@2.¬Ò¬°¤HÃþªÀ·|ªº­«­n¸ê²£¡C

   ¡@3.§¡¼sªx±Ä¥Î¦UºØ¬ã¨s¤èªk¶i¦æ±´¨s¬¡°Ê¡C

   ¡@4.§¡³þ°ò©ó¥ý«e©Òµo²{ªºª¾ÃÑ»P·§©À¤W¡C

   ¡@5.©Ò±oª¾Ãѧ¡¬O¼È®É©Êªº(tentative)¡A¸g±`·|¨ü·sµo²{ªºÃÒ¾Ú¦ÒÅç¡C

   ¡@6.¬Ò·|¨ü¨ì»ù­ÈÆ[¤§¥ª¥k¡C

   ¡@7.¨ä¬ã¨sµo²{¯à§_³Q±µ¯Ç±NµøªÀ·|ªº±µ¯Çµ{«×¦Ó¼vÅT¡C(Harlen, 1991)

   ¡@¡@¤F¸Ñ¨âªÌªº¬Û¦üÂI¡A¨Ï§Ú­Ì¥i¥HªÖ©w±Ð¨|¬ã¨sªº»ù­È¡A±Ð¨|¬ã¨s¹ï¤HÃþªº°^Äm
   ¡A¤@ÂI¨à¤]¤£¨È©ó¬ì¾Ç¬ã¨s¡A¥¦­Ì³£¬O¤HÃþªÀ·|­«­nªº¸ê²£¡C¦ý¬O³o¨âªÌ¤§¶¡¤´¦³
   ¤@¨Ç¤£¦PÂI¡A¬G§Ú­Ìµ´¤£¥i¥Î¹ï¦ÛµM¬ì¾Ç¬ã¨sªº¨ººØ´Á«Ý¡A­n¨D±Ð¨|¬ã¨s¤]¥²¶·¹³
   ¬ì¾Ç¬ã¨s¤@¼Ë¡C¤ñ¤è»¡¡AÄY±Kªº¹êÅç±±¨î¦b±Ð¨|¬ã¨s¤¤ÂA¦³¥i¯à¡A¤]¨Ã«Dµ´¹ïªº­n
   ¨D¡C±Ð¨|¬ã¨sªº³oºØ­­¨î¡A¨Ï§Ú­Ì§ó¯àÅé·|Stenhouse  (1982) ¬°¦ó±N±Ð¨|¬ã¨s©w
   ¸q¬°¡G¦³¨t²Îªº¬ã¨s¡A¨Ã±Nµ²ªG¤½½Ñ©ó¥@(systematic enquiry made public)¡C

   ¡@¡@±Ð¨|¬ã¨s¨Ï§Ú­Ì¤F¸Ñ±Ð¾Ç©M¾Ç²ßªº°ò¥»­ì²z¡A¥H¤Î¤HÃþªºª¾ÃÑ·§©À«ç¼ËÀò±o¡A
   ¾¨ºÞ¥¦¨Ã«D¤Q¥þ¤Q¬ü¡A¦ý¹ï©ó¦³®Ä¦a±Ð¾É¾Ç¥Í¤´¦³§U¯q¡F¤µ¤é¤§±Ð¨|¬ã¨s«h¶i¤@¨B
   À°§U¦ÛµM¬ì±Ð®v¡AÂǵۥR¤À¤F¸Ñ¤@¬ì¾Ç¬¡°Êªº¨ÓÀs¥h¯ß¡A»{ÃѬì¾Ç·§©À¬O«ç¼Ë§Î¦¨
   ªº¡A¤è¯à¦³®Ä¦a§â¸Ó¾Ç¬ì±Ð¦n¡C¬ì¾Ç±Ð¨|ªº¼é¬yÅܦ¨¡©°Ñ»P¬ì¾Ç¬¡°Ê¡ª¡A³z¹L¿Ë¤â
   ¾Þ§@¡A¾Ç¥Í«Øºc¤F¦Û¤vªº¬ì¾Ç·§©À¡C¤£¿W¦p¦¹¡A­^°ê¬ì±Ð¬É¤]¹B¥Î³oºØ­ì²z¡A¹ªÀy
   ±Ð®v¡u¿Ë¤â§@¬ã¨s¡v¡A±Ð®v­Ì¦¨¬°¬ã¨sªÌ¡A¦b¹ê»Ú±Ð¾Ç¤¤¥h±´°Q¬ì¾Ç±Ð¾ÇªººØºØ°Ý
   ÃD¡Cºî¦X¤W­z¡A±Ð¨|¬ã¨sªº·s¤è¦V¡A¦b¬ã¨s¤Hªº¦æ¬°¡A¤@¤è­±±´°Q¦p¦ó²Õ´¾A©y¨à
   µ£¾Ç²ß¯à¤Oªº±Ð§÷¡A±Ä¥Î¾A¦X¨àµ£·§©À§Î¦¨ªº±Ðªk¡A¨Ã¥H¨t²Îªº¬ì¾Ç¤èªk¨Óµû¶q¨ä
   ¾Ç²ßµ²ªG¡F¤@¤è­±«h¥Ñ¨ü¹L¬ì¾Ç±Ð¨|ªº¤¤¤p¾Ç±Ð®v¡A¿Ë¦Û°Ñ»P¬ã¨s¡A±´°Q¬ì¾Ç±Ð¾Ç
   ªººØºØ°ÝÃD¡C


   ¸v¡B¬ì¾Ç±Ð¨|¬ã¨sªº·s¤è¦V¡Ð¨â­Ó¨Ò¤l

   ¡@(¤@)¬ì±Ð¦æ°Ê¬ã¨s¤è®×(The Science Teaching Action Research Project)

   ¡@¡@¥»¬ã¨s¬O­^®æÄõ¤¤³¡§Qª«»Z¤j¾ÇªºRussell©MHarlen¨â¦ì±Ð±Â¥D«ù¡A¦®¦b°ö¾i
   ¾Ç¥Íªº¹Lµ{§Þ¯à¡C±Ä¥Î¦æ°Ê¬ã¨s(action  research)¡A¨Ï±Ð®v¸g¥Ñ¹ê»Ú¾Þ§@ªº¸gÅç
   ¡A¦Û¤v¥ý¯u¥¿´x´¤¤F¬ì¾Çªº­ì²z­ì«h¡A¶i¦Ó§Æ±æ¥L­Ì¦b±Ð¾Ç®É¡A¯à§â³o¨Ç¦Û¤v«Øºc
   ªº¹ê»Ú¸gÅç¡A¶Ç©Ó¨ì¾Ç¥Í¨­¤W¡A¨Ï¾Ç¥Í¤]¯à²£¥Í³oºØ¡u¯u¥¿´x´¤¬ì¾Ç­ì²z­ì«h¡vªº
   ¸gÅç¡C¬ã¨sªº¥Ø¼Ð¦b§ä¥XÀ°§U°ê¤p±Ð®v¦p¦ó±Ð¾É¡B¹ªÀy¨Ã°ö¾i¾Ç¥Í¨Ï¥Î¬ì¾Ç¹Lµ{§Þ
   ¯à¡C©Ò­n°ö¾iªº¹Lµ{§Þ¯à¨Ì©w¸q¥i¤À¤K­Ó½dÃ¥(Russell & Harlen,1990)¡G

   ¡@¡@Æ[¹î(observation)

   ¡@¡@¸ÑÄÀ¼Æ¾Ú¡]´M§ä³W«ß©Ê¡A¹w´ú¡^

   ¡@¡@´£¥X¥iÆ[´úªº¬ã¨s°ÝÃD

   ¡@¡@´£¥X¬ã¨s°²³]

   ¡@¡@­p¹º¬ã¨s¨BÆJ

   ¡@¡@´ú¶q

   ¡@¡@°O¿ý

   ¡@¡@§å§P©Ê¤Ï¬Ù


   ¡@¡@¥»¬ã¨s¤è®×¤À¤T­Ó¶¥¬q¶i¦æ¡G

   ¡@1.»`¶°°ò½u¼Æ¾Ú¡Ð­º¥ý°w¹ï¤KÃþ¹Lµ{§Þ¯à¡A§Q¥Î±Ð«ÇÆ[¹îªk¡A°t¦X¯Èµ§´úÅç©M¹ê
       »Ú¾Þ§@µ¥¤èªk¡A¹ï¾Ç¥Í¬I»P¦¨´Nµû¶q¡AµM«á°e¥æ°Ñ»P¬ã¨sªº¤­¤Q¦ì¦Ñ®v§@¬°°Ñ
       ¦Ò¡C

   ¡@2.½T©w±Ð¾Ç¥Ø¼Ð¡Ð±Ð®v¨Ì¾Ú¥ý«eªºÆ[¹î¡A¨Ã¿Å½Ñ¥»¨­¦b½Ò°ó±Ð¾Çªº¹ê»Ú±¡ªp¡A½T
       ¥ß¬ã¨s¶}©l«á¡A¥»¨­±Ð¾Ç¤¤ÀÀÅܤƥB¥i¯à¹ê²{ªº¥Ø¼Ð¡C

   ¡@3.¶°«ä¼s¯q¡Ð¨C¤@¦ì±Ð®v±N¦Û¤v©Ò±ý§ïÅܪº¥Ø¼Ð»¡¥X¨Ó¨Ã¥Ñ¬Û¤¬°Q½×¤¤¡AºIªø¸É
       µu¡A¤©¥H§ï¨}­×¥¿¡C¦@¦P³]­pµû¶qªí¤ÎÆ[¹îªí¡Aµû¶q«á¬Û¤¬¤ñ¸û¡A¥H§@¬°±Ð®v
       ±Ð¾Çªº¦^õX¡A¨Ã§PÂ_¬O§_¹F¦¨©Ò±ýªº±Ð¾Ç¥Ø¼Ð¡C¦b³Ì«á³o¤@¶¥¬q¡A¨C¤@¦ì±Ð®v
       ¥²¶·»P¥t¤@¦ì±Ð®v¦X§@¡A¨Ã±N¦Û¤vµo²{¦³®Äªº±Ð¾Çµ¦²¤¶Ç»¼µ¹³o¦ì¥ë¦ñ¡C

   ¡@¡@¦b¾ã­Ó¤è®×¶i¦æ¤¤¡A¾Ç¥Í¦¨´Nµû¶q»P±Ð«ÇÆ[¹î¤D¥Î¨Ó´£¨Ñ°_©lªº¼Æ¾Ú¡A¥B¤£®É
   ¥Î¨Ó·í§@±Ð®vªº¤ÏõX¡A¦]¥H¤Wªº¸ê®Æ¸û¨ä­Ó¤Hªº·Pı§ó¬°«ÈÆ[¡A¥i§@¬°¨M©wªº¨Ì¾Ú
   ¡C¥»¬ã¨s¤è®×¦¨ªGÂ׺ӡA¥i·§­z¦p¤U(Russell & Harlen, 1990)¡G

   ¡@1.Á`­p¦³¤­¤Q¦ì±Ð®v°Ñ»P³o¶µ¦æ°Ê¬ã¨s¡A¥L­Ì¤Q¤À¤F¸Ñ¦Û¤v±Ð¾Çªº¨¤¦â¦b©óÀ°§U
       ¾Ç¥Í°ö¾i¬ì¾Ç¹Lµ{§Þ¯à¡C

   ¡@2.¥L­Ì¹ê»Ú°Ñ»P¬ã¨s±Ð¾Çªº¾ã­Ó¸gÅç¡A·J¾ã¥Xª©¦¨¤T¥»®Ñ¡A¥i¥¿¦¡´£¨Ñ¨ä¥L±Ð®v
       °Ñ¦Ò¡A¨Ã¥B¦b¨ä¾Ç°Ï¤º¸g¥Ñ¸û«D¥¿¦¡ªº®y½Í»P·¾³q¡A«P¶i¤F¬ã¨s¦¨ªGªº±À¼s¡C

   ¡@3.°Ñ»P¬ã¨sªº¾Çµ£¡A¤j¤j¼W¥[¤F¾Ç²ßªº¾÷·|»P¦¨´N¡C

   ¡@4.´N¦a¤è±Ð¨|·í§½¦Ó¨¥¡AÁҰϤºªº±Ð®v¹ï¬ì¾Ç±Ð¾Ç§ó¨ã«H¤ß¡A¥B¼Ö©ó¨ó§U¨ä¥L¦P
       ¤¯¡C

   ¡@(¤G)¬ì¾Ç¹Lµ{»P·§©À¤§±´¨s¤è®×(SPACE)

   ¡@¡@¥»¬ã¨s¤è®×«Y¥ÑSchilling,  Hargreaves¤ÎHarlenµ¥¤H(1990)¦X§@¥D«ù¡A¨ä¥Ø
   ¼Ð¦b¸g¥Ñ¹Lµ{§Þ¯à¨Ó°ö¾i¬ì¾Ç·§©À¡A±´°Q¾Çµ£¤§¬ì¾Ç·§©À¡A¨Ã¥H¨ä§@¬°¾Ç²ß¤§°_ÂI
   ¡C³\¦h¬ã¨s·~¤wÃÒ¹ê¨àµ£¥»¨­¹ï¨ä©P¾DÀô¹Ò¤¤ªº¨Æª«¡A¬Ò¦³¤@®M¦Û¤vªº·Qªk¡A¨Ã¾Ú
   ¤§¥H¸ÑÄÀ¦ÛµM¬É¤¤©Òµo²{ªº¨Æª«¡]°Ñ¨£SPACE reports, 1990¡^¡C

   ¡@¡@¥»¬ã¨s¤p²Õ­p¹º¤H©M¥ô½Ò±Ð®v¦X§@¡A½T»{¤@¨Ç±Ð¾Çµ¦²¤¹ï¤é±`½Ò°ó¤Wªº¹ê»Ú±Ð
   ¾Ç¦³¯q¡C¦b¹ê»Ú±Ð¾Ç®É¡A¾Ç¥Í±ý²ß±o¤@¬ì¾Ç·§©À¡A¥²¶·¥ý¨Ï¨ä¨­¾ú¨ä¹Ò¡]©Î¾Þ§@¡B
   ©ÎÆ[´ú¡^¡A¨Ò¦p¦b¤@¶µ¬ã¨s¤¤¡A±ý±´´ú¾Ç¥Í¦b¡©»]µo¡ª(evaporation)³o¤@³æ¤¸¤¤
   ¡A¦p¦ó¤F¸Ñ¤ô»]µo®Éµo¥Í¤°»ò²{¶H¡A«h¥²¶·Åý¾Ç¥Í¿Ë¦ÛÆ[¹î¤U¦C½Ñ²{¶H¡F¤ô±q¦a¤W
   ªºªd§|¤¤®ø¥¢¡AÀã¦çªA°®Àê¡K¡Kµ¥¡C¦b³o¤@­Ó¡©¸gÅ硪ªº¶¥¬q¤¤¡A¾Ç¥Í¥²¶·¨Ï¥Î¤å
   ¦r©Î¹Ï§Î¡A±N©Òµo¥Íªº²{¶H¸Ô²Ó°O¿ý¤U¨Ó¡AµM«á¥þ²Õ¾ã²z¥X¤@­Ó¦@¦Pªº³ø§i¡A¦b¥þ
   ¯Z¦@¦P°Q½×®É¡A´£¥X³ø§i¡C³o¨Ç¬¡°Ê³£¥u¤£¹L¬O¥­±`½Ò°ó¬¡°Ê¤§¤@³¡¤À¡A¦ý¦b¨ü¹L
   °V½m°Ñ»P¬ã¨sªº±Ð®v¤ß¤¤¡A³o¨Ç¬¡°Ê«o¥i´£¨Ñ§@¬°¤F¸Ñ¨C­Ó¾Ç¥Í·§©Àµo®iªº¦n¤u¨ã
   ¡C

   ¡@¡@°Ñ»P¥»¬ã¨s­p¹ºªº±Ð®v­Ì¡A¬Ò¦]¨ä¿Ë¨­ªº¸gÅç¦Ó°_¤F·¥¤jªº§ïÅÜ¡A§ó¥i¶Qªº¬O
   ¥L­Ì»{¬°¨Ã«D¥~¦bªº¤H©Î¨Æª«¡A«P¨Ï¥L­Ì§ïÅÜ¡A¦Ó¬O¦]µÛ¥»¨­ªº°Ñ»P¡A¥L­Ì±q¹ê»Ú
   ªº±Ð¾Ç¬ã¨s¤¤¡AÀò±o¤F¯u¥¿ªº¾Ç°Ý¡A³o¨Çª¾ÃѬO¤£°²¥~Å઺¡A¦Ó¬O¥L­Ì¦Û¨­µo²{ªº
   ¡A¯u¥¿¦¨¬°¥L­Ì¦Û¨­ªº¤@³¡¤À¡C

   ¡@¡@¥H¤W©ÒÁ|¤G¨Ò¡A¶È¬°ºººº¤jªÌ¡A¥þ­^¦U¦a¦³ÃöÃþ¦üªº¬ã¨s¤è®×¥¿¤è¿³¥¼¦ã¡A½«
   ¦¨­·®ð¡C¦¹¬ã¨s¤è¦¡«Y¥H¹ê»Ú±Ð¾Ç¬°°ò¦(classroom-based)¡A±Ð®v¦¨¬°¬ã¨sªÌ¡A
   ¥i´£°ª°Ñ»P·P¤Î¦¨´N·P¡A±Ð¨|¬ã¨s»P±Ð¾Ç¬¡°Ê¥ç¥i±K¤Á°t¦X¡C¤×¨ä¥i¶Qªº¬O¡A¥¦§ó
   ¦¨¬°¬ì¾Ç±Ð®v¦b¾¶i­×³Ì¦³®Äªº¤@ºØ¤è¦¡¡A¦b¨C¤éªº±Ð¾Ç»P¬ã¨s¤¤¡A¼ç²¾Àq¤Æ¡A´£
   ª@¨ä¬ì¾Ç±Ð¨|¤§´¼¯à¡C¯S§O­È±o±À³\ªº¬O¦b³oªi­·¼é¤¤¡A¬ì±Ð¾ÇªÌ§¡¯à¼ö¤ß°Ñ»P¡A
   ¤£¼ª¨ä·Ð¦a°Ñ»P¦UºØ¬ã¨s³]­p»P°Q½×¡A´£¨Ñ¾A¤ÁÀ°§U¡A¥Ñ©ó¬ì±Ð¾ÇªÌ»P±Ð®v­Ì±K¤Á
   ¦X§@¡A¤è¯à²£¥Í¨}¦n¦Ó¦³¥Îªº¬ã¨s¦¨ªG¡C

   ¥î¡Bµ²½×

   ¡@¡@ªø¤[¥H¨Ó¡A¹ï¤@¯ë±Ð®v¦Ó¨¥¡A±Ð¨|¬ã¨s¬O²@¤£¬ÛÃö¡B»»¤£¥i¤ÎªºªF¦è¡A¬Oµoªí
   ¦b§N»÷ªº´Á¥Z¤W«o©M±Ð¾Ç§¹¥þ²æ¸`ªºª¾ÃÑ¡C¦ý³Ìªñ«h¤j¦³§ïÅÜ¡A±Ð®v­Ì¥¿¤j¤O°Ñ»P
   ¬ã¨s¡]¤£©ë¬O¦b¾¶i­×¡A¶i­×§ó°ª¾Ç¾ú©ÎªÌ¬O­Ó¤H¬°´£ª@±M·~ªº¾Ç³N¬ã°Q·|µ¥¡^¡A
   ¥¿¦]¦p¦¹¡A¥L­Ì¦b¤é·s¤ë²§ªºÅܾE¤¤¡A±o¥H¥R¤À¹B¥Î¥L¤H©Òµoªíªº¬ã¨s¦¨ªG¡C¤]ÂÇ
   µÛ¿Ë¨­°Ñ»P¬ã¨s¡A¾Ç®Õ±Ð®v­Ì¥i°w¹ï¾Ç®Õ®Ä¯à¡B½Òµ{¤À¤Æµ¥¾Ç®Õ¤¤©Ò¹J¨ìªºÃøÃD¡A
   ¤@¤@¬ã¨s¥H¨D¸Ñ¨M¡C¦æ°Ê¬ã¨s¹ï¬Fµ¦¨î­q»P¦U¶¥¼hªº±Ð¾Ç§¡¦³¹ê»Ú¦Ó²`»·ªº¼vÅT¡C

   ¡@¡@¦bÀþ®§¸UÅܤ§¤µ¤é¥@¬É¤¤¡Aµo®i¬ì¾Ç±Ð¨|¹ê¤D¨è¤£®e½w¤§°È¡A¹ï¾Ç®Õ¤¤¤§¬ì¾Ç
   ±Ð¾Ç¡A§ó»Ý²`¤Á¯d·N¡A»\¥¢¤§²@Íù¡A«hÂÕ¥H¤d¨½¤]¡I¤µ¤é±Ð¨|¤§¶i¨B¯«³t¡A§^µ¥¥²
   ¶·¼sªx»`¶°¸ê°T¡A¥L¤s¤§¥Û¥i¥H§ð¿ù¡A¥Ñ­^°ê¬ì±Ð¬ã¨sµo®i¤§°ÊºA¡A¤Ï¬Ù°ê¤º¤§±Ð
   ¾Ç²{ªp¡A©Î¦³©Ò»t¯q¤]¡C

   ¥î¡B°Ñ¦Ò¸ê®Æ

   Driver,  R. and Erickson, G. (1983) Theories in action: some theoretical
   and  empirical issues in the study of students' conceptual frameworks in
   science. Studies in Science Education, Vol.10, pp.37-60.

   Fontana,  D.  (1983)  New  perspectives  on  classroom learning. British
   Educatioal Research Journal, 9 (2), pp.167-171.

   Harlen,  W.  (1985) Teaching and Learning Primary Science. London: Paul,
   Chapman Publishing.

   Harlen,  W.  (1991)  Research  in the service of science teachers. Paper
   presented at the ASE meeting, Aberdeen.

   Hawking, S.W. (1988) A Briek history of time, London: Bantam Press.

   Herron,  J.D.  (1984) Using research in chemical education to improve my
   teaching. Journal of Chemical Education, 61 (10), pp.850-854.

   Kelly,  G.A.  (1955)  The  Psychology  of Personal Constructs. New York:
   Norton.

   Martin,  M.  (1972) Concepts of science education: A philosophical view.
   Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman and Co.

   Murphy,  R.J.  and  Torrance,  H.  (eds.)  (1982), Evaluating Education:
   issues and methods.London: Haeper and Row.

   Pope,  M.L.  &  Keen,  T.R.  (1981)  Personal  construct  psychology and
   education. London: Academic Press.

   Russell,  T.  and  Harlen,  W.  (1990) Assessing children in the primary
   classroom: Practical Tasks. London: Paul Chapman Publishing.

   Schilling,  M, Hargreaves, L., & Harlen, W. (1990) Assessing children in
   the primary classroom: Written Tasks.London: Paul Chapman Publishing.

   SPACE reports (1990) Evaporation and Condensation. Liverpool: University
   Press.


--
            ¦b±Ð¨|¤¤,
            §Ú­Ì»Ý­nªº¬O¿ñÁ諸µø³¥»P¼ÖÆ[ªº®i±æ,
            ¤£¶È­n¹îı¥Í©Rªº¬ü»P¶ø§®,
            §ó­n´L­«¨C¤@­Ó¥Í©Rªº¿W¯S©Ê!!
--
 * Origin: ¡¹ ¥æ³q¤j¾Ç¸ê°T¬ì¾Ç¨t BBS ¡¹ 

		 
ºëµØ¾\Ū | ­º½g | ¤W¤@½g | ¤U¤@½g | ¥½½g | Âà±H | ªð¦^¤W¼h

Éà ¥x¤j·à¤l§q¦ò¾Ç±M¯¸  http://buddhaspace.org