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¡¼Study Questions¡¼

=======================================================================
¤G¡B Outline the major types of theory designed to explain 
     the way in which psi is mediated. What objections to each type 
     may be raised.
榭G

(1)  Electromagnetic Theories

¡¼ Theories: 
 ®Ú¾Ú¤@¨Ç°O¿ý¦Ó±ÀÂ_psi¬O¥Ñ¬YºØ§Î¦¡ªº¹qºÏªi¨Ó¶Ç¾Éªº¡C¦bESP¤¤¡A³oºØ
´T®g·|ª½±µ¼vÅT¸£¤¤ªº¹q¬¡°Ê¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¤£¸g¥Ñ¥ô¦óªº·Pı¾¹©x¦Ó¶Ç¹F¦Ü¸£
¤¤¡C
 ¦b Russian I.M. Kogan(1996) ¤ÎCanadian Michael Persinger(1975) µ¥¤Hªº²z
½×¤¤¡A¥L­Ì´£¥X²z½×»{¬°psi¥i¯à¬O¥H·¥§CÀW¡]extremely low frequency, ELF¡^
ªiªº§Î¦¡¨Ó¶Ç¾Éªº¡]¨Ò¦p5-15Hz, 8-13Hzµ¥¡^¡C¦Ó³oºØªiªºªiªø¬Æ¤j¡A¥H¦Ü
©ó¥¦¤£·|¹³¥ú©ÎÁnªi¤@¯ë³QÀð¾Àµ¥ª«Åé©Òªý¾×¡C

¡¼ Objections:
(a)  ¦pªGpsi¬O¸g¥Ñ¹qºÏªi´T®g¨Ó¶Ç»¼ªº¡A¨º»òESP¡BPKÀ³¸Ó¬O¿í¦u¥­¤è
¤Ï¤ñ©w«ß¡A¦b»·³Bªº°I´î·|·¥§Ö¡CµM¦Ó®Ú¾Ú¹ê»ÚªºÆ[¹î¡AESP¦ü¥G¤£
¨ü¶ZÂ÷ªº¼vÅT¡C
(b)  ¦bFaraday Cage¤¤§@¹êÅç¡A²z½×¤W¨Ó»¡­n¦³¯S©wªiªø¤~¥i¶Ç¼½¡AµM¦Ó¹ê
Åç¤W¨Ã¨S¦³³oºØ²{¶H¡C¤£¹L¤ä«ùELF¶Ç¾Éªº¤H«h¤Ï»é¡A»{¬°¨ä¹ê¥i¯à
¾ã­ÓFaraday Cage³£¦b¦¹ÀW²v¦@®¶¤§¤U¡A¦]¦¹¶Ç¾É¨Ã¤£¦]Faraday Cage
ªºªý¹j¦Ó¤¤Â_¡C
(c)  ELF wave theory«ÜÃø¸ÑÄÀ»¡¬°¤°»ò¹Ï¹³·|³y¦¨¤£¦Pªº®¶°Êª¬ºA¡C¨Ò¦p
»¡¡A¬°¤°»òø¤W¶ê§Î¹Ï®×ªº¥d¤ù¥H¤Îø¤W¤è§Î¹Ï®×ªº¥d¤ù¡A¦b»»´úªÌ
©Ò±µ¦¬ªºªi¤W·|¦³¤£¦P¡C


(2)  Energy Field Theories

¡¼ Theories: 
 ¦¹²z½×»{¬°³o¨Ç²{¶H¬O¥¼ª¾ªº¯à¶q¡A¦Ó¥Ñ¤H­Ì©Ò¿ç®g¡A¥H¶Ç¼½ESP¡BPK¡C³o
ºØbioenergy¤£»Pª«½è§@¥Î©Ò¥H¥i»´©öªº¬ï¹Lª«Åé¡A«o¥iinduce¯«¸g¡]¦³¦pºÏ¥i¥Í
¹q¤@¯ë¡^¡C

¡¼ Objections:
(a)  §Ú­Ìªº¸£³¡­n¦p¦ó°»´ú¨ì³oºØ¯à¶q¡A¨Ã±N¥¦°±¯d¦b¸£³¡¡H³o¬O¤@­Ó°ÝÃD¡C
(b)  ¨s³º¬O§_¦³³oºØª«²z¶qªº¦s¦b¡H¦Ü¤µ¤´¥O¤H­ÌÃhºÃ¡A©Ò¥H¶È­­©ó "°²³]" ¦Ó¤w¡C


(3)  Elementary Particle Theories

¡¼ Theories: 
 »{¬°³o¨Ç²{¶H¬O¥Ñ¬Y¨Ç°ò¥»²É¤l¡]¨Ò¦pTachyon, ¨³¤l¡^©Ò¶Ç»¼ªº¡A¦¹ºØ°ò¥»²É
¤l¨Ã¥i«Ø¥ß¨ä³õ¨Ó¼vÅT¸£³¡¡A©Î¥Ñ¤ß´¼¯à¶qªºtarget¨Ó²£¥Ípsi²{¶H¡C³o¨Ç²É¤l¤]
¦³¥i¯à¬O¤wª¾ªº°ò¥»²É¤l¡C

¡¼ Objections:
 ¯«¸g¬O§_¦ó°»´ú²É¤lªº¡H³oºØ²É¤l¦p¦ó¬¡°Ê¥H²£¥Í³õ¡H³õ¤S¦p¦ó¼vÅT¸£³¡ªº
¬¡°Ê¡H½Ñ¦p¦¹Ãþ°ÝÃD³£©|¦bµL¸Ñªºª¬ºA¡C


(4)  Observational Theories

¡¼ Theories: 

 ³o¬O¥Ñ¶q¤l¤O¾Ç´y­zªº·LÆ[¥@¬É©Ò±À®i¦Ó¨Óªº¡C­É¥Ñ·LÆ[¥@¬Éªºµo²{¡A¦Ó¥ø
¹Ï±N¤§¹Á¸ÕµÛ©Ý®i¨ì¥¨Æ[¥@¬É¤¤¡C
 ¦b¶q¤l¤O¾Ç¤¤¡A¨C­Óª«²z²Î³£¦³µL­­­ÓÁô§tªºª¬ºA¡A¦ÓESP²{¶H¬O¥Ñ¬Y¨Ç·N
¦V¡A¨Ï±o¨äcollpase¨ì¥i¯àªºcomponentª¬ºA¡C¦]¦¹¨ü¨ì¨ü´úªÌ¥»¨­ªº·NÃÑ»{ª¾ªº
¼vÅT¡C¨Ò¦p»¡¡A¤@°¦¶Â¥¬¸nµÛªºÅ¢¤l¡AùØ­±Ãöªº¬O¤°»òªF¦è¡H¹ï©ó¤£ª¾±¡ªºÆ[´ú
ªÌ¨Ó»¡¡A¦b±È¶}¶Â¥¬¤§«e¡A¸Ñµª¬O©|¥¼¨M©wªº¡C
 ¦b¶q¤l¤O¾Çªº·LÆ[¥@¬É¹êÅç¤W¡A¦³³\¦h¦³½ìªº²{¶H¡A¨Ò¦p¦Ñ®v´¿´£¹L¡A¥i³]
­p¨â­Ó¤£¦Pªº¥ú¶Ç¾Éªº¸ô®|¡A¤À§O¥i´ú¥úªº²É¤l©Ê©Îªi°Ê©Ê¡CµM¦Ó¹êÅçµ²ªG«oµo
²{§Ú­Ì©Ò­nªºµ²ªG¡A¬O¦b§Ú­Ì "¨M©w" ­n°O¿ý¦ó¶µ¯S©Êªº¨º¤@¨è©Ò¨M©wªº¡C
 ¦b¥¨Æ[ªº¥@¬É¤¤¡A¦b¶W¾ÉÅé²{¶H¤W¡BHe¦b4.2K¡B2.1Kªº¤£¦Pª¬ºAµ¥²{¶H
¤W¡A¤]¦ü¥GÁô§tµÛ§Ú­Ì©Î³\¯à±N¶q¤l¤O¾Çªº·LÆ[¼Ò«¬©Ý®i¨ì¥¨Æ[¥@¬Éªº¥i¦æ©Ê¡C

¡¼ Objections:
(a)  ³oºØ²z½×·N¨ý¤F¤@­Ó¶q¤lprocess©Î³\¬O³Q³\¦hÆ[´úªÌ©Ò¼vÅTªº¡A¦Ó³o
©Î³\¯à³Qpsi sourceªºstrength©Ò¥N´À¡C
(b)  ¥Ñ©ópsiªº´ú¶q¨Ã¤£¬O«Üí©wªº¡A¦]¦¹¦¹²z½×ªº¤èµ{¦¡ªº°Ñ¼Æ¬O«ÜÃø¨M
©wªº¡A¦]¦¹¤£¤Ó¦³©Ò¿×ªº·Ç½T«×¥i¨¥¡C

(5) ¥j¥N¦ò®a°ßÃѾÇ

¡¼ Theories: 
§Ú­Ì±`±`Å¥¨ìªº¡u¤T¬É°ß¤ß¡A¸Uªk°ßÃÑ¡v´N¬O°ßÃѪº¤@­Ó·§¬A»¡ªk¡A²¨¥
¤§¡A´¦¥Ü¦t©z¶¡ªº¤@¤Á¨Æª«³£¬OÃÑÅܲ{ªº¤Û¼v¡A´N¹³¤ô¤¤¤ë¡BÃ褤¹³¡BªÅ¤¤ªá¤@
¼Ë¬Oµê¤Û¤£¹êªº¡C¤H­Ì©Ò¸g¾úªº¨Æ¥ó¬O¥Ñ¦Û¤v©Ò¨M©wªº¡]³o´N¬O²`¸qªº¦]ªG¡^¡C
Á|¨Ò¨Ó»¡¡A¦P¼Ëªº¤@­ÓªF¦è¡A¦b¤£¦Pªº¤H²´¤¤·|¬O¤£¦Pªº¨Æ¥ó¡C¦³­Ó¨Ò¤l¡G¤ô¦b
¤HÃþªº²´¤¤¬OH2O¡A¦b¤Ñ¹D²´¤¤¬O¯[¼þ¡A¦b¾j°­¹D«h¦³¦p¤õ¤@¯ë¡A¥ÑÆ[´úªÌªº·N
ÃѲߩʩҨM©w¦¹¨Æ¥ó¹ê»Úªº¼vÅT¡C
µM¦Ó¤@¯ë¤H¶È­­©ó«e¤»·NÃÑ¡]²´ÃÑ¡B¦ÕÃÑ¡B»óÃÑ¡B¦ÞÃÑ¡B¨­ÃÑ¡B·NÃÑ¡^ªºÃk
½t»P°õµÛ¡A¦Ó¥¼¯àµo±¸²Ä¤C·NÃÑ¡]¥½¨ºÃÑ¡^¤Î²Ä¤K·NÃÑ¡]ªü¿à­CÃÑ¡AºØ¤lÃÑ¡^ªº
§@¥Î¡C¹ê»Ú¤W¡A¦¹¤K·NÃѪº¥»½è³£¬OªÅ¦³¤£¤Gªº¡AÁö¯àÅܲ{¤@¤Á¡A¹ê½è¥u¬°¤Û¤Æ¡C
¥t¥~¡A¦b°ßÃѤ¤¡A¦³©Ò¿×ªº¡u¤»®Ú¤¬¥Î¡v¡A«ü¥X¹ê»Ú¤W¤»®Ú¡]²´¡B¦Õ¡B»ó¡B
¦Þ¡B¨­¡B·N¡^ªº³æ¤@¥\¯à­­¨î¡A¥u¬O¤H­Ìªº¤À§O¤ß©Ò°õµÛªº¡A¹ê»Ú¤W¤»®Ú¬O¥i¤¬
¥Îªº¡A¨Ò¦p¥H "·N" ¨Ó "¬Ý"¡B¥H "»ó" ¨Ó "Å¥" µ¥¡A¹ê»Ú¤W³£¬O¥i¯àªº¡C
¬ÛÃöªº¸g¤å¡A§Ú´¿¦b°ª¤¤®É¦b¡m·«ÄY¸g¡n¤W¬Ý¨ì¡]¤]¦]¦¹¦b­è¤W¤j¾Ç®ÉŪ¨ì
§õ±Ð±Âµoªíªº°ª¾ô¤p©f©fªº³ø¾É¡Aı±o«Ü¦³½ì¡A¦]¬°¥H«e¤]´¿¬Ý¹L¡m·«ÄY¸g¡n¤W
¹ï¦¹¨Æ¥óªº½×²z¡A·í®ÉÁÙı±o®¼¤£¥i¯àªº©O¡^¡A¯÷¸`¿ý©óªþ¿ý¤¤¡A¥H¨Ñ°Ñ¦Ò¡C

¡¼ Objections:
°ßÃѳ̮e©ö¾D¤@¯ë¤H½èºÃªº¡A´N¬O¤£®e©öÁ|ÃÒ¡C¦b¥Á°êªì¦~³\¦h¾ú¥v¾ÇªÌ¬Æ
¦Ü¥H½Ñ¦p¦¹Ãþªº¯«³q¤º®e¬°»é¥¸ªº¤º®e¤§¤@¡A¥[¤J¨ä¥L¾ú¥v©v±ÐÆ[ºt¶iªºÁr´ú¡A
¦Ó¦³©Ò¿×¡u¤j­¼«D¦ò»¡¡vµ¥»¡ªkªº¥X²{¡A»{¬°³o¨Ç³£¬O«á¤H±N¸g¤å¥[¥HÃÀ³N¤Æªº
µ²ªG¡CµM¦Ó¹ê»Ú¤W¦b³Ìªìªº¡mªü§t¸g¡n¤¤¤w¦³«Ü©úÅ㪺¤»¯«³qµ¥­ì²z¤ÎÀ³¥Îªº¸Ñ
ÄÀ¡A¦]¦¹³oºØ¾ú¥v¾ÇªÌªºÁr´ú´N¦òªk¥»¨­¨Ó¬Ý¬O¤£¦¨¥ßªº¡C
¥t¥~¡A´N¬ì¾ÇÅçÃҤ譱¡A¦ò±Ð§Ù«ß¦³¤@±ø¡A´£¤Î¸T¤î¦³¯«³qªº¦ò±Ð®{¦b¥¼¨ü
§Ùªº¤H®i¥Ü¯«³q¡A¥H§K´b²³¡]¦]¬°¦ò±Ð¬O±j½Õ­× "©w" ¤Î "¼z" ªº¡A³oºØ¯à¤O¥u
¬O "©w" ªº¹B¥Î¦Ó¤w¡A»P "¼z" ¨S¦³µ´¹ïªºÃö«Y¡C©Ò¥H²{¦b¦³³\¦h "¬¡©»" ¸¹ºÙ¦Û
¤v¦³¯«³q¡A¦ºµL¹ïÃÒ¤SÁ¿±o¥È¥Èµêµê¡A¤£¦ý¬O¥Ç§Ù¦Ó¥B¤S¨S¦³¬ì¾Çºë¯«¡AÁa¨Ï¦W
§QÂù¦¬¡B«H®{¦h¦h¡A¥u¬O©Ò¿×ªº¯«´Ò½}¤F¡^¡C¦]¦¹´N¬ì¾ÇªºÅçÃÒ¨Ó»¡¡A¦ò±Ð³q±`
¬O¤£¿n·¥°Ñ»Pªº¡]¦]¬°³o¤£¬O­×²ßªº­«ÂI¦Ó¥B¥i¯à³y¦¨­×²ß¤Wªº°Æ§@¥Î¡^¡A¦b³o
ÂI¤W¹D±Ð©Î¬O®ð¥\©¹©¹¦³µÛ¤ñ¸û¦hªº¹êÅç¼Æ¾Ú¡C
¦Ü©ó¨ä¥LªºObjections¡A¤]¥]¬A¤F²Ä (4) ¶µ¶q¤l½×©Ò¾D¨üªº½èºÃ¡C¡]·íµMÁÙ
¬O¦³¨ä®t§O©Ò¦b¤F¡A²¦³º¨ä²z½×¬[ºcªº¤è¦¡¤£¦P¡A¤@¬O±q­×¦æ¤¤Æ[·Ó¦Ó¨Ó¡A¤@¬°
¥Ñ¹êÅ礤±o¨ì¼Æ¾Ú¦Ó¨Ó¡C¡^


=======================================================================
¥|¡B Two noncybernetic models of psi have been formulated by Jung 
     and Stanford respectively. Compare these theories and comment
     on their capacity to explain what is known about psi.
榭G
(1)  Jung's:
 ¦¹°²»¡»{¬°¦ÛµM¬É¦³µÛ¨Ï¤£¦Pªº¨t²Îµ²¦X©Î§k¦XªºÁͶաCµM¦Ó¦¹ÁͶը䣬O
¥Ñ©ó¦]ªGÃö«Y¦Ó¦¨¥ßªº¡C·í¨â­Ó¨t²Îªº¦¨¥÷«´¦X®É¡A¥¦ "´N¬Oµo¥Í¤F" ¹³¦ÛµM¬É
ªº¯S©Ê¤@¯ë¡C¦]¦¹¤@¨t¦CªºESP targets¯àÅã²{©Msubject's setªºcalls¡A³o¤£¬O¥Ñ©ó
¬YºØtarget©M±µ¦¬ªÌ¶¡ªº¸ê°T¶Ç»¼¡A¦Ó¬O¥Ñ©ósynchronicityªº³oºØacausalÁͶաC
¡]¦Ü©óPKªº¸ÑÄÀ¤]Ãþ¦ü¡^¡C²¨¥¤§¡Apsi¹êÅç¬Osynchronicity©Î¦³·N¸qªº¥©¦X©Ò¶¨
¦Xªº¨Æ¥ó¡C
 ³oºØ»¡ªk·íµM»P¤@¯ë¤H»{¬°ªº¦]ªGºc¦¨ªº¥@¬É¦³©Ò©èIJ¡A¦]¦¹¦ÛµM¤£¬O«Ü®e
©ö³Q±µ¨ü¡C¥t¥~¡A¬°¤°»ò¹ï¤@­Ó¤H¦³·N¸qªº¨Æ·|¹ï¥t¤@­Ó¤H¨S¦³·N¸q? ¤]¬O¤@­Ó
°ÝÃD¡C
 ¥Ñ¦¹°²»¡¥i±À±o¡A¦pªG¤@­ÓsynchronisticªºÃö«Yªí²{¡A¥H¦b¬YºØ±¡ªp¤U¸û®e©ö
µo¥Íªº§Î¦¡¡A©Î¥H¬YºØÃþ§Îªº¤H¨Ó¾É¤Þ¡AESPªº¹êÅç¼Æ¾Ú©Î³\¥i»¡¬O¥Ñ³oÃþ±¡ªp
©M¤H®æ¯S½èµ¥ÅܼƩҳy¦¨ªº¡A¦]¦¹¨Ã¤£acausal¡C
 
(2)  Stanford's:
 ¦¹°²»¡»{¬°targets©MmindªºÁpµ²¨Ã¤£¬Ocasualªº¡A¦ý¬O¤]¤£¬O¥Ñª«²z¤Wªº¶Ç¾É
¡]¦p©Ò¿×ªºinformation flow¡^©Ò³y¦¨ªº¡C¦¹°²»¡¥Hgoal³oºØ»¡ªk¨Ó´y­z³oºØcasual
Ãö«Y¡A¥i»¡³oºØÃö«Y¬O¥Ñ¥Øªº½×ªº³B²z©Ò³y¦¨ªº¡C


======================================================================
¤­¡B What contributions to parapsychology can be made by skeptical 
     theories of psi phenomena?
榭G
 ÃhºÃ½×ªÌ»{¬°»¡¤Ï¥¿¥i±oªº¸ê®Æ¥i¶D½Ñnormalµ¥¦]¶D¦Ó³Q½Õ¾ã¦¨º¡·Nªº¼Ë
¤l¡C
 ·íµM¤F¡A­n¬O³o¨Ç²z½×¥i¥H§¹¾ãªº«Ø¥ß¡A¦ÛµM¯à°÷¨ú¥N¶W¤ß²z¤Wªº°²»¡¡C²¦
³º³o¬O¥ó¤½¥­Ävª§¦Ó¥B°l¨D¯u¬Ûªº¤u§@¡CÃhºÃ½×ªÌ«Øºc¤F³\¦hmodel¨Ó¥ø¹Ï±À½
©Î¨ú¥N¶W¤ß²zmodel¡A¬°µo±¸¯u¬Û§@¤F³\¦hªº¤u§@¡A¦Ó³o¨Çmodel¤]§ó¯à¹üÅã¨Ã¥B
«P¶i¦b¶W¤ß²z¾Ç¤Wªº¬ã¨s¡C
 ©Ò¿×The Truth is Out There¡A¦Ü©ó¨ì©³¬Owhere? ´N¦³«Ý§Ú­Ìªºµo±¸¤F**
 
 
======================================================================
ªþ¿ý¤@¡G¡m·«ÄY¸g¡n¨÷²Ä¥|ºI¿ý¡]²¤¡^.

    

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