發信人: OTTOVONBISMA.bbs@bbs.ntu.edu.tw (悠然), 信區: history
標 題: Re: 東歐史三問
發信站: 台大計中椰林風情站 (Tue Jul 22 16:42:36 1997)
轉信站: Lion!netnews.ntu!Palmarama
來 源: @bbs.ntu.edu.tw
Vladimir兄學問淵博，令人敬佩；然吾對下列說法有點疑問：
==> Vladimir@Palmarama (最高蘇維埃) 提到:
> 我在這裡列一下歐洲的封建等級表....
> 1. Emperor Empire 皇帝
> 2. (Kaiser, Tsar) (Kaiserdom, Tsardom) 副皇帝 (羅馬帝國中末期有)
首先，"Kaiser"實是以德語發音的「凱撒（caeser）」，與"imperator"還有"augustus"同為
當年屋大維的封號，前兩者流傳下來而為「皇帝」之義。"tsar"則為"caeser"之俄文
音譯。
１. <>對"emperor"一詞的解釋為:
"Emperor, feminine Empress,
title designating the sovereigns of the ancient Roman Empire and, by
derivation, various later European rulers; it is also applied loosely
to certain non-European monarchs.
In republican Roman(c.509-27 BC), 'imperator' denoted a victorious general,
so named by his troops or by the Senate. Under the empire(after 27BC),
it was regulary adopted by the ruler as a forename and gradully came to
apply to his office.
In medievall times, Charlemagne, king of the Franks and of the Lombards,
was crowned emperor by Pope Leo III in Rome on Christmas Day, 800. Thence-
forward until the fall of Constantinpole in 1453 there were two emperors in
the Christian world, the Byzantine and the Western. The term 'Holy Roman
Emperor' is now gradually used, for convience, to designate the Western
sovereigns, though the title was at first simply 'emperor'('imperator';
the German form 'Kaiser' being derived from the Roman form 'caesar'), then
'august emperor', then from 971, 'Roman emperor.'"
２. 『簡明大英百科全書（中譯本）』則解釋"tsar"如下：「"tsar� 沙皇"，亦作
TZAR或CZAR，英文女性作TSARINA，TZARINA或CZARINA。 俄國統治者最初所採用的
稱號。在中世紀的俄羅斯，沙皇這個稱號是指最高統治者，特別是指拜占庭皇帝，
而在1240年左右則指蒙古大汗。莫斯科大公伊凡四世於1547年採用這個稱號。
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